PARTS

Part 0700
Electrons
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Part 0701
Blackholepair
Physics

Part 0702
Blackholepair
Mechanics

Part 0703
Electron
Physics

Part 0704
Electron
Mechanics

Electron
Selfproofs

Electron Selfproofs

Research in the Current Paradigm is devolutionary in character. There are two main forms of this devolution: either discoveries are made and explanations are sought or extrapolations are made and proof is sought.

In contrast, the Malta Template is resolutely evolutionary. Following the Darwin Templature methodology, it kickstarts with the least substantial object that can be justified by the current factbase and evolves it forward in time and upward in size. Thereafter, the Template must selfprove by evolving from the kickstarting object into a Universe that looks and acts exactly as does the Universe about us - if it cannot do this the Template is wrong and must be rethought.

SELFPROOF 0701 - ELECTRONS

CURRENT PARADIGM

The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value. As it is a fermion, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all matter, electrons have properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. (Wikipedia - 05 Jan 2017)

COMMENTARY

In the Current Paradigm, the electron is a particle within which no structure has been detected. The Malta Template considers electrons evolutionarily rather than devolutionarily and finds that an electron structure arises naturally and inevitably. Template electrons behave exactly as real electrons are observed to behave. Consider the following.

Every object in the Universe is either a graviton or it is made of gravitons. (Conclusion 0105-01)

Each of the 24 types of elementary fermion consists of at least two gravitons. In practice, gravitons are insubstantial and each type of fermion consists of a great many gravitons. (Conclusion 0101-01)

Gravitons may have many properties but currently only three can be deduced with rigour: mass, spin, and rejectivity. Of these properties, mass and rejectivity are constants and spin is a variable. (Conclusion 0102-01)

For convenience it is assumed that mass of every graviton is the same. Consequently, the gravitypull of every graviton is the same. (Assumption 0102-02)

Because the gravitypull of every graviton is the same, every graviton attracts every other graviton in the Universe per the Inverse Square Law: that is, at a rate proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Conclusion 0103-01)

For convenience it is assumed that every graviton occupies the whole of its place in space and time and therefore has the height, width, depth, and duration of that place in space and time. Thus the graviton is not a "point" - important when considered against the graviton possessing rejectivity. (Assumption 0102-04)

The gravitypull of a graviton is not apparent in an isolated graviton. The gravitypull effects of a graviton are only apparent when the graviton is one half of a gravitonpair. (Conclusion 0103-03)

Energy is a property of a gravitonpair, it being the movement of its gravitons due to their mutual gravitypull combined with their inability to merge due to their rejectivity. (Conclusion 0103-04)

The energy of a gravitonpair has three forms: kineticenergy, potentialenergy, latentenergy. Every gravitonpair has a measure for each of the three forms. (Conclusion 0103-05) (Conclusion 0104-04)

The gravitons in a gravitonpair are bonded. The nature of that bonding varies with circumstances and conditions. There are three types of bond: solidbond, liquidbond, or gasbond. (Conclusion 0303-01)

Blackholes come in a wide range of masses, from the barely substantial to the supermassive. The least substantial blackhole consists of three gravitons matrixed to each other as three adjacent gravitonpairs. There is no upper limit to the mass of a blackhole. (Conclusion 0302-01)

A blackhole with enough gravitons will stratify its adjacent gravitonpairs into a solidbonded gravitoncore, surrounded by a liquidbonded gravitonocean, surrounded by a gasbonded gravitonosphere. (Conclusion 0303-02)

Every blackhole is enclosed by a gravitysheath inside which the blackhole's gravitypull is stronger than that of any other object. (Gravitons and gravitonpairs also have gravitysheaths.) (Conclusion 0302-04)

The gravitysheath of every blackhole abuts the gravitysheath of at least one and often many other blackholes. The abutment is the gravitysheath interface. In one view, the Universe consists entirely of gravitysheaths. (Conclusion 0302-05)

Every blackhole has a vergence velocity and an escape velocity. When the vergence velocity is lower than the escape velocity, the blackhole is overstable. When the vergence velocity is the same as the escape velocity, the blackhole is stable. When the vergence velocity is higher than the escape velocity, the blackhole is understable. (Conclusion 0303-12)

An understable blackhole differentially ejects mass and energy across its gravitysheath interface in the form of gravitons until it becomes stable. (Conclusion 0304-09)

The gravitonosphere of a centrifugally structured blackhole consists of, overall, a pair of vortexes in which the gravitonstreams move from the equator to the poles at high level and from the poles to the equator at low level. The default structure of a blackhole is to be centrifugal. (Conclusion 0501-04)

The gravitonosphere of an axially structured blackhole consists of, overall, a single vortex in which the gravitonstream moves from the northpole to the southpole at high level and from the southpole to the northpole at low level. For an axial blackhole to endure requires specific conditions without which it reverts to a centrifugal structure. (Conclusion 0502-04)

Every blackhole in the Universe is one half of a blackholepair with every other blackhole in the Universe. The blackholes in a blackholepair are either adjacent or unadjacent. (Conclusion 0701-02)

Progressively decreasing the distance between the blackholes in an adjacent blackholepair increases the ejection of gravitons from each gravitonosphere to the other and thus increasingly understabilises them. (Conclusion 0702-03)

Progressively decreasing the distance between the blackholes in an adjacent blackholepair increases both their mutual gravitypull and the rejectivity of their gravitonospheres. Decrease the distance enough and the rejectivity will counter the gravitypull, rendering the pair unable to escape from each other while simultaneously unable to approach any closer. This can only happen if the blackholes have specific measures of mass and energy. This is the strong force in action. (Conclusion 0702-05)

A pair of understable centrifugal blackholes, locked together by the strong force, will tumble about each other until one adopts an axial structure. (Conclusion 0702-06)

A blackholepair consisting of one axial and one centrifugal blackhole automatically surrounds itself with an axially structured gravitonstream - the electrosphere. Enclosing an understable axial blackhole and an understable centrifugal blackhole inside an electrosphere turns the blackholes into quarks and the blackholepair into an electron. (Conclusion 0702-07)

Because the electrosphere of an electron is axially structured, it is unidirectional and thus electrons are charged particles. (Conclusion 0703-05)

Every electron first stabilises within a gravitonosphere. Every gravitonosphere consists of gravitonstreams each of which at any point will have a dynamic mass. Because electrons are charged particles, they automatically align their electrospheres with the vector of gravitonstream they are within. Realignment is not instantaneous. (Conclusion 0704-03)

When an electron's electrosphere is not aligned to the vector of the gravitonstream the electron is within, the electron is an antielectron. (Conclusion 0704-04)

Because a stable electron has specific measures of mass and energy, together with specific dimensions, it can only be created in specific conditions. Those conditions are found in understable nuclides.

The default condition for a nuclide is to be stable. To understabilise a nuclide, it must absorb an excess of gravitons (and thus a differential excess of mass and energy). When a nuclide is understabilised, internal mechanisms automatically eject mass and energy until stability is regained. The ejection mechanism is a plenum which consists of a pressure "chamber" and a venturi through which the content of the chamber is ejected. All nuclides have at least one plenum. The greater the mass of the nuclide, the more plenums it will have.

Within the plenum of a nuclide, gravitonstreams are brought together in the chamber to pressurise so that excess gravitons are ejected from the nuclide through the venturi. Progressively increasing the understability of the nuclide progressively increases the pressure in the plenum(s) with these consequences:

Pressure level one: The ejecta is a jet of gravitons with a high dynamic mass.

Pressure level two: Within the plenum, some pairs of gravitons are forced sufficiently closely that their mutual escape velocity exceeds their mutual vergence velocity, forming gravitonpairs. Then gravitonpairs are forced sufficiently closely to form understable pettyblackholes. Thus the ejecta consists of a graviton jet within which there are stabilising pettyblackholes.

Pressure level three: The speed of the ejecta leaving the venturi substantially exceeds lightspeed. Some of the ejected understable pettyblackholes stabilise at lightspeed and within the photonic masses becoming photons. Thus the ejecta consists of a graviton jet within which there are pettyblackholes and photons.

Pressure level four: Within the plenum, sufficiently massive understable blackholes are forced sufficiently closely together to form a blackholepair: that is with their mutual escape velocity exceeding their mutual vergence velocity and the strong force dominating. The speed at which the blackholepair is ejected from the venturi is less than the escape velocity of the nuclide. After ejection, the blackholepair stabilises as an electron which remains a captive of the nuclide, taking up a position in the nuclide's chemosphere.

Pressure level five: The pressure in the plenum is now such that the speed at which the blackholepair exits the venturi exceeds the escape velocity of the nuclide. Thus the ejecta consists of a graviton jet within which are pettyblackholes, photons, and electrons.

The structure of a photon dictates they can only move at lightspeed so after ejection from the venturi they cannot help but escape from the nuclide, no matter what its escape velocity might be. The structure of an electron doesn't dictate the speed at which they move so, the ability of an electron to escape from the nuclide depends upon the pressure in the plenum.

At pressure level four, an electron cannot escape from the nuclide so it adopts a position within the nuclide's chemosphere. This is not an orbit. It is another example of the strong force in action whereby the electron is held captive to the nuclide by their mutual gravity but cannot approach any closer because of the mutual rejectivity of the electron's electrosphere and the chemosphere of the nuclide.

The electrosphere of an electron is extensive and highly rejective. Consequently other captive electrons cannot approach too closely (yet another example of the strong force in action). This limits the number of electrons a nuclide can hold captive. The greater the mass of the nuclide, the more electrons it can hold.

At pressure level four, a nuclide can produce more electrons than it is capable of holding captive. Excess electrons are pushed toward the northpole by the rejectivity of the other captive electrons and dragged back down into the nuclide by the chemosphere and reabsorbed.

At pressure level five, if the nuclide is constantly kept in a sufficiently understable condition, a constant stream of electrons is ejected. For example, passing a specific measure of electric current (actually a gravitonstream) through a copper wire understabilises the copper nuclides, stimulating them to eject electrons in predictable quantities.

Aside: A comment on the strong force: In the Current Paradigm, the behaviour of the strong force is comprehensively charted but there is no empiric explanation as to the cause of the behaviour. In the Malta Template, the strong force is a multiprocess whereby two objects are attracted toward one another by their mutual gravitypull and simultaneously prevented from closing on each other by the rejectivity of their gravitonospheres (or electrospheres, nucleospheres, or chemospheres). The strong force is at work in every pair of adjacent objects but its effectiveness commensurately increases with reductions in the size of the objects and increases in their graviton density - for much the same reason that ants, relatively, can lift heavier weights than can elephants.

CONCLUSION

In the Current Paradigm the behaviour of electrons in specific circumstances is accurately predictable but the reasons for that behaviour remain largely mysterious. Research into the reasons is ongoing but its progress brings into sharp focus the problems besetting conventional research methods and the benefits arising from the Malta Template's use of Darwin Templature.

Research in the Current Paradigm is both devolutionary and "scattershot". It proceeds from the known into the unknown on a broad front with a wide range of new ideas in play at the same time in the hope that one idea will hit the target. Over time, many (most?) of these ideas will be shown to be wrong, badly conceived, or irrelevant but, as of now, it isn't clear which ideas are valuable and which are not so the only apparent option is to keep plugging on. As ways or working go, this is an expensive use of time and money.

The Malta Template, of course, is not research at all. It is merely the existing factbase, put into its proper form by being presented evolutionarily, moving from the unknown into the known. Thus, rather than being a replacement for the Current Paradigm, it is to be used in conjunction with it, to sharpen its focus by highlighting those areas that will benefit most by further research. Put simply, wrong, badly conceived, or irrelevant ideas will not evolve in the Template.

Electrons in the Malta Template evolve out of simpler structures, naturally and without forcing, to exactly match electron behaviour as charted in the Current Paradigm, without needing any unproven physics, unjustifiable assumptions or complex mathematics. The Template description sits comfortably within the current knowledgebase without contradicting any empirically established facts so it can safely be taken as selfproved until such time as it can be improved.