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THE MALTA COSMOLOGY TEMPLATE |
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GLOSSARY |
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AABSOLUTE MASS: The absolute mass of an object is the mass of a graviton, multiplied by the number of gravitons the object contains. The absolute mass of an object made of gravitons is not the same as its gravitational mass. ACCRETION PARTICLE: A composite object formed by the gravitational bonding of two or more subsidiary objects. In order of minimum mass, the key accretion particles are gravitonpairs, blackholes, electrons, nucleons, atoms, stars, galaxies, galactic clusters, and galactic superclusters. Electrons also serve as stabilisation particles. ADJACENT: Two objects are adjacent if their gravitysheaths abut. ANTIELECTRON: An antielectron is an electron unaligned to the flow direction of the gravitonstream it is within. It is unaligned because its northpole, the least stressful entry point for absorbing gravitons from beyond its gravitysheath interface, does not face the oncoming gravitonstream. The unalignment is unsustainable because the approximately conical shape of the antielectron is pressured by the gravitonstream to point its "sharp end" into the oncoming flow. Once the antielectron is aligned, it is an electron. A collision between an electron and an antielectron can result in the decay (annihilation) of one or both into lesser objects. For historical reasons the antielectron is often called the "positron" but "antielectron" is preferred in the Malta Template for consistency with such as the antineutron, antiproton, antiquark, and so on. See also Wikipedia (02 Jun 2017). AUTOSTABILISATION: An object which is either understable or overstable will automatically attempt to become stable by differentially ejecting or absorbing mass and energy. Ultimately, the mass and energy is as gravitons but, depending on the type of object, the gravitons can be formed as complex objects such as photons, electrons, nucleons, nuclides, etc. ASSUMPTION: When an argument leads to more than one outcome, the outcome selected is an assumption. AXIAL: When a complex object is axially structured, the gravitons of its gravitonocean and gravitonosphere flow from the southpole to the northpole at low level and from the northpole to the southpole at high level. See also centrifugal. AXIAL BLACKHOLE: The gravitonosphere of an axial blackhole responds to the spin of the blackhole's gravitoncore, and to the influence of the gravitonstream through which the blackhole is moving, by rising at the southpole, moving to the northpole at high level, sinking at the north, proceeding to the southpole at low level, and so on. See also centrifugal blackhole. AXIALITY: Axiality is a property found in all complex objects to a greater or lesser degree. The structure of an object can be axial or centrifugal or a mix of the two. A photon is wholly centrifugal and is therefore its axiality is 0%. All more complex objects have a higher percentage of axiality, although never 100%, with the degree of axiality varying with the disposition of the object's quarks and/or nucleons, the number of its orbiting electrons, and the dynamic mass of the gravitonstream it is moving within. The greater the axiality of a object, the more likely it is to align its northpole to face the flow of the oncoming gravitonstream. AXIAL QUARK: See axial blackhole. AXIS: A straight line around which a spinning object rotates. The two ends of an axis are the poles. In some situations, for convenience and clarity, the poles are known as the northpole and the southpole. Back to top BBLACKBODY SCALE: Photons are emitted by a blackbody to a consistent scale of wavelength and intensity. The wavelength equates to the mass of the photons. The intensity equates to the sum of the photon's spinspeed at each wavelength. Typically, a blackbody scale has an intensity peak which varies with the energy of the emitting blackbody. BLACKHOLE: A blackhole is a gravitationally bound accretion of gravitonpairs. Blackholes may be overstable, stable, or understable. A blackhole has an axial or a centrifugal structure. The least massive blackhole consists of three gravitons configured as three gravitonpairs. As long as stability is maintained, there is no upper limit to the mass of a blackhole. BLACKHOLEPAIR: Two blackholes bonded by their mutual gravitypull with the strength of the bond being per the Inverse Square Law. BLUESHIFT: A photon's wavelength is blueshifted when the photon's mass and energy measures increase from one specified moment to a succeeding specified moment. See also gravityshift and gravitonstreamshift. Back to top CCENTRE OF GRAVITY: That point within an object's gravitysheath where its gravitypull has the same strength in all directions. The absolute centre of gravity only takes account of the gravitypull of the gravitons and objects made of gravitons that are within the gravitysheath interface. The relative centre of gravity also takes account of gravitypull from outside the gravitysheath interface. CENTRIFUGAL: When a complex object is centrifugally structured, the gravitons of its gravitonocean and gravitonosphere flow from the poles to the equator at low level and from the equator to the poles at high level. See also axial. CENTRIFUGAL BLACKHOLE: The gravitonosphere of a centrifugal blackhole responds to the spin of the gravitoncore by rising at the equator, moving to the poles at high level, sinking at the poles, returning to the equator at low level, rising at the poles, and so on. See also axial blackhole. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE: Centrifugal force results from the domination of one object by the gravitypull of a second object, thus: An isolated object moves in a straight line. Subject that object to the dominant gravitypull of a second object and it will orbit the second object. Shorten the "natural" orbit by "artificial" means (EG: with the wall of a centrifuge or the casing surrounding the blades of a turbine) and the effect is apparent as "centrifugal force". See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017) CENTRIFUGAL QUARK: See centrifugal blackhole. CHARGE: The charge of an object. The charge of an object is often termed as positive or negative. The strength of the charge of an object can vary, depending on its structure and its situation, from 100% charged to 0% charged (uncharged). See also axiality. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017) CHEMOSPHERE: The chemosphere is the outer gravitonstream of a nuclide, equating to the electrosphere of an electron, and the nucleosphere of a nucleon. If the nuclide is axially structured, the gravitons of the chemosphere flow from the northpole to the southpole. If the nuclide is centrifugally structured, the gravitons flow from the equator to the poles. The axiality of most nuclides is less than 100%. CHARGED PARTICLE: (1) A complex object with an electric charge. (2) A complex object in which the outer gravitonstreams are axially structured. See also axiality. CLOSED SYSTEM: A closed system is a physical system that does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass) in or out of the system. The specification of what types of transfers are excluded varies in the closed systems of physics, chemistry or engineering. Per Wikipedia (07 Jan 2017). COLLISION: Collision is a short-duration interaction between two bodies or more than two bodies simultaneously causing change in motion of the bodies involved due to internal forces acted between them during this. Per Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). COLOURSHIFT: The spectral change in a photon's wavelength when the photon's mass and energy measures change from one specified moment to a succeeding specified moment. COMPLEX OBJECT: For the Malta Template, an object is a graviton or an object made of gravitons. A complex object is an object made of gravitons. CONCLUSION: When an argument leads to a single outcome, the outcome is a conclusion. COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION: Cosmic photons that come from every direction in the Universe. These photons were formed soon after Moment Zero with the stabilisation of blackholes during the early expansion of the Universe. The photons correspond to a blackbody radiation with an intensity peak of 3K. COSMIC ELECTRON: An electron that formed soon after Moment Zero due to the expansion of the Universe. See also: stabilisation electron. COSMIC PHOTON: A photon that formed soon after Moment Zero with the stabilisation of blackholes during the early expansion of the Universe. Such photons are detectable today as the Cosmic Background Radiation. See also: Stabilisation Photon. COSMOLOGY: The study of the past, present, and future largescale structure of the Universe. Cosmology is an interdisciplinary field of study, bringing together the relevant aspects of the astronomy, chemistry, cosmogony, and physics disciplines. CURRENT COSMOLOGY MODEL: The Current Cosmology Model is that which is currently believed in the cosmology community to be the most likely description of the past, present, and future largescale structure of the Universe. CURRENT PARADIGM: (after Thomas Kuhn). Those models of astronomy, chemistry, cosmogony, and physics which, together, are currently believed in the scientific community to be the most likely description of the past, present, and future largescale structure of the Universe, together with the currently acceptable methods of research, interpretation, and verification. Back to top DARWIN TEMPLATE: A template compiled using the Darwin Templature Methodology. A Darwin Template is a "foundation document", as used in many different types of enterprises to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of their structures and workings. A Darwin Template differs from a conventional foundation document in being rigorously fact-based and in having a format that is "evolutionary" rather than "devolutionary". DISCRETE OBJECT: A graviton or an object made of gravitons which is surrounded by a single gravitysheath. The object may be made of one or more subsidiary objects. DYNAMIC MASS: A combination measure of the realspeed and the mass of a graviton or of an object made of gravitons. Dynamic mass is not a constant measure. It changes as circumstances change. In objects made of gravitons, the dynamic mass measure can be of the whole object or a part of it. The dynamic mass of a star or an aircraft alters as it uses fuel. The dynamic mass of a river alters with water extraction, rainfall, and evaporation - at the same time the dynamic mass of a river varies at different points along its length as it passes across lakes, through rapids, and over waterfalls. Back to top EEJECTA: Matter or objects that are ejected from something in some way by some means. In the Malta Template, specifically, it is the objects that are ejected from a nuclide venturi after processing in the nuclide plenum. Depending on the pressure level in the plenum the ejecta can be gravitons, gravitonpairs, pettyblackholes, photons, and electrons. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD: An electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction. (Wikipedia - 24 Jun 2017) An electromagnetic field is a gravitonstream. Every gravitonstream has a dynamic mass and a vector. Any axially structured (charged) object will align itself to the gravitonstream it is within with its northpole facing the oncoming stream. Gravitonstreams are almost everywhere in the Universe. Anywhere in the Universe that is not a gravitoncore or a gravitonocean is a gravitonosphere. Gravitonospheres are conditioned by gravity, rejectivity, and spinspeed into gravitonstreams. ELECTRON: A stable, axially structured, particle consisting of one axially structured quark and one centrifugally structured quark. Electrons are an integral part of the structure of a nuclide. A stable nuclide without electrons will not generate electrons and is thus 100% ionised and uncharged. Such a nuclide will stay uncharged if the dynamic mass of the surrounding gravitonstream is relatively low but increasing the dynamic mass sufficiently will understabilise the nuclide so that it ejects gravitons. Increase it further and the nuclide will eject photons. Increase it further yet and the nuclide will eject electrons. Ejected gravitons and photons escape across the gravitysheath interface of the nuclide but electrons, being more massive and slower, are less able to do so. Instead, they float on the gravitonosphere of the nuclide like a boat on water. They can do this because an electron's electrosphere and a nuclide's chemosphere are mutually rejective. The number of electrons that can "float" is limited by the mass and size of the nuclide - being roughly equal to the number of protons contained in the nuclide. Any excess of electrons is either subsumed back into the nuclide or ejected from it. See also Wikipedia (02 June 2017) ELECTROSPHERE: The gravitonstream that surrounds an electron, overlying the gravitonospheres of the electron's constituent quarks. An electrosphere is axially structured, flowing from the northpole of the axial quark via the west equator to the northpole and southpole of the centrifugal quark. Because the electrosphere is axially structured, the electron itself is predominantly axially structured and thus a charged particle. Because the electrosphere is axial an electron will, given enough time, align itself to the direction of the gravitonstream through which it is moving by adopting the posture of least conflict: that is with the direction of the electrosphere being the same as the direction of the gravitonstream. ELEMENTARY FERMION: A particle not currently known to be made out of other particles. There are currently 24 types of elementary fermions (12 quarks and 12 leptons). See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). ELEMENTARY OBJECT: A primary object that is divisible into two or more subsidiary objects. ENERGY: (1) The capacity or power to do work. (2) The movement of the gravitons in a gravitonpair due to their mutual gravitypull. ENERGY PER GRAVITON: This is the energy of an object made of gravitons, the sum of its kineticenergy, potentialenergy, and latentenergy, divided by the number of gravitons the object contains. See also mass per graviton) ENTROPY: The tendency of unevenly distributed energy to become evenly distributed over time. Entropy results from collisions between objects and the consequent transfer of spinspeed from one to another. Through collisions between objects, spin and speed are likewise subject to entropic equalisation, tending to become evenly distributed over time. EQUATOR: The equator is at the surface of the solidbonded core of a spinning object, equidistant from the poles and in a plane perpendicular to the axis. If the object doesn't have a solidbonded core, it is at the surface of the liquidbonded core. If it doesn't have a liquidbonded core, it is at the surface of the gasbonded matter or at the gravitysheath interface, whichever is the least extensive. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). ESCAPE VELOCITY: The vergence velocity required for a pair of adjacent objects to break their adjacency. In objects of similar mass, it can be by the interposing of other objects between them. In objects of unequal mass, it can be the escape of the lesser object across the gravitysheath interface of the greater one. Escape velocity at the gravitysheath interface, on a straight line between the centre of gravity of each of the objects, is always zero. In that both objects are moving, escape velocity is always a joint measure. Back to top FFISSILE NUCLIDE: Nuclides that can be made to undergo nuclear fission (i.e., are fissionable) and also produce neutrons from such fission that can sustain a nuclear chain reaction in the correct setting. Per Wikipedia (13 Feb 2016). FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE: A particle without structure. A particle out of numbers of which elementary fermions are made. FUNDAMENTAL OBJECT: A primary object that is indivisible. Back to top GGALAXY: A galaxy is a high mass blackhole. As with all blackholes, a galaxy can be overstable, stable, or understable. A galaxy consists of a solidbonded gravitoncore, (perhaps) a liquidbonded gravitonocean, and a gasbonded gravitonosphere. An overstable or stable galaxy may or may not be "bald". An understable galaxy is unlikely to be bald, Instead it will be surrounded by stars, gas, and dust. Depending on the mass of the gravitoncore, an understable galaxy can be elliptical, spiral, or dwarf elliptical. GASBOND: An object is gasbonded when all of its adjacent gravitonpairs are understable. GRAVITATIONALMASS: The gravitational mass of an object is the mass of a graviton multiplied by the number of gravitons the object contains, modified by the density of the gravitons within the object. The gravitational mass of an object is often calculated out of its gravitational attraction to other objects. Gravitational mass is not the same as absolute mass. GRAVITATIONALMASS, ACTIVE: The measure of the gravitypull being exerted by a graviton upon other gravitons. GRAVITATIONALMASS, PASSIVE: The measure of the gravitypull being exerted on a graviton by other gravitons. GRAVITON: The least substantial object in the Universe that can be assumed to exist in the light of the currently known, empirically established, facts. Gravitons are subsidiary parts of all more substantial objects in cascade. Thus, elementary fermions consist of numbers of gravitons and more substantial objects consist of numbers of elementary fermions, and so on. GRAVITONCORE: The matrix of solidbonded gravitonpairs at the centre of a blackhole. GRAVITONOCEAN: The stratum of liquidbonded gravitonpairs that may surround the gravitoncore of a blackhole. GRAVITONOSPHERE: The stratum of gasbonded gravitonpairs that may surround the gravitoncore and gravitonocean of a blackhole. GRAVITONOSPHERIC EQUATOR: The principal teel ejection point in the gravitonosphere of a centrifugal blackhole. It is a circumferential line dividing the blackhole's two equal hemispheres. It is usually but not necessarily above the blackhole's gravitoncore equator. GRAVITONOSPHERIC NORTHPOLE: The principal graviton absorption point in the gravitonosphere of an axial blackhole. The teelospheric northpole may or may not coincide with one of the blackhole's gavitoncore poles. GRAVITONOSPHERIC SOUTHPOLE: The principal graviton ejection point in the gravitonosphere of an axial blackhole. The teelospheric southpole may or may not coincide with one of the blackhole's gravitoncore poles. GRAVITONPAIR: Two gravitons bonded by their mutual gravitypull with the strength of the bond being per the Inverse Square Law, that is: proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. GRAVITONSTREAM: Liquidbonded currents that move within a gravitonocean and gasbonded currents that move within a gravitonosphere. GRAVITONSTREAMSHIFT: Any change in the mass and energy measures of a blackhole resulting from a change in the dynamic mass of the gravitonstream within which it is moving. GRAVITY: Every graviton attracts every other graviton in the Universe at a rate proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Gravity is a property of the graviton and thus, consequently and proportionately, is a property of any object made of gravitons. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). GRAVITYSHEATH: The area surrounding an object in which its gravitypull is stronger than that of any other object. GRAVITYSHEATH INTERFACE: Where two gravitysheaths abut. GRAVITYSHIFT: Any change in the mass and energy measures of a blackhole due to changes in the strength of its mutual gravitypull with another object. Back to top HHYDROGEN: In the Current Paradigm, the commonest isotope of hydrogen (protium or 1H) has one proton and no neutrons and is a proton, an atom and a chemical element. In the Malta Template, 1H is not an isotope. It is a "building block" out of numbers of which nuclides can be constructed (together with the neutron "building block" which is actually an understable proton). The least substantial isotope is deuterium (1H2) consisting of one proton and one neutron. Deuterium is a nuclide, an atom, a chemical element, an isotope, and an isotone. See also Wikipedia (03.Jun 2017). HYPERBLACKHOLE: A hypothetical blackhole which results from the coalescence of large numbers of supermassive and ultramassive blackholes. The mass of a hyperblackhole is enough to spur the forming shells of fissile material around the gravitoncore and compressing them critical mass, thus triggering a fission explosion that may be large enough to gasbond all, or part of, the gravitoncore. Whether such an explosion is a Moment Zero event is debatable. If it is a Moment Zero event, whether the one that began the current expansion phase of the Universe required the coalescing of all the supermassive and ultramassive blackholes previously created is also debatable. Back to top IINERTIALMASS: A measure of an object's resistance to acceleration when a force is applied. It is determined by applying a force to an object and measuring the acceleration that results from that force. An object with small inertial mass will accelerate more than an object with large inertial mass when acted upon by the same force. One says the body of greater mass has greater inertia. Per Wikipedia (28 Apr 2014). INTENSITY PEAK: In any emission of photons to a blackbody scale, there is an intensity peak. The intensity peak varies with the energy of the emitting body. In the CBR photons, which are detected today to a blackbody scale, the intensity peak varied with the region in which the photons first stabilised. INVERSE SQUARE LAW (GRAVITATIONAL): The gravitational attraction force between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation distance. The force is always attractive and acts along the line joining them from their centre. ISOTONE: A nuclide, the type of which is defined by the number of neutrons it contains (the "isotone number"). See also isotope, the type of which is defined by the number of protons it contains. See also nuclide, the type of which is defined by the number of nucleons it contains. . ISOTOPE: A nuclide, the type of which is defined by the number of protons it contains (the "isotope number"). In an isotope, the number of neutrons is not necessarily the same as the number of protons. The number of protons in an isotope is sometimes called the "atomic number". Nuclides with the same atomic number but differing numbers of neutrons are considered to be different types of the same "chemical element". See also isotone, the type of which is defined by the number of neutrons it contains. See also nuclide, the type of which is defined by the number of nucleons it contains. Back to top KKINETICENERGY: (1) Energy of movement. (2) The velocity (speed plus direction) at which the gravitons in a gravitonpair approach or retreat from each other due to their mutual gravitypull. Back to top LLATENTENERGY: The spin of the gravitons in a gravitonpair. LIGHTSPEED: The speed at which photons move. When traversing a vacuum this is 299,792 kilometres per second. When traversing a transparent matter field, the speed is less, varying according to the nature of the field. LIQUIDBOND: An object is liquidbonded when its adjacent gravitonpairs are a mix of overstable, stable, and understable. LOGICTRAP: A logictrap is an information spiral from which there is no apparent escape. The information is often mathematical because mathematical sequences easily become divorced from reality. Zeno's paradoxes are textbook examples of logictraps. The cause of a logictrap is that information is either missing or is being misinterpreted. Logictraps are dangerous when they are not recognised for what they are and come to be treated as "real". (This is the "chasing rainbows" syndrome, after the well-known pointless exercise) Back to top MMALTA COSMOLOGY TEMPLATE: A Darwin Template drawn from the factbase of the Current Paradigm which can be used to identify the most productive and cost-effective new avenues of research. MASS: Mass is a property of a physical body which determines the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction to other bodies and its resistance to being accelerated by a force. MASS-PER-GRAVITON: This is the mass of an object made of gravitons, divided by the number of gravitons the object contains. See also energy per graviton. MECHANISM: A system of parts that operate or interact in a preordained manner to produce an expected result. MOMENT ZERO: The moment at which the Universe's current expansion phase/current evolutionary cycle began. MULTIPROCESS: Two or more distinct processes which produce two or more distinct results (which may be contrary or complementary) which are apparent as a single combined result. MUON: Muons are stabilisation particles emitted by other particles which are understable and attempting to become stable. Muons are understable. They consist of one axial and one centrifugal quark. Muons usually decay into an electron plus numbers of neutrinos and photons. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). Back to top NEUTRON: A neutron is an understable proton. All nuclides contain one or more neutrons. Beyond a specific mass a nuclide always has more neutrons than protons. Neutrons have a structure that is centrifugal overall. Within nuclides, neutrons solidbond to protons and other neutrons, held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their gravitonospheres. See also Wikipedia (26 Apr 2016) NUCLEON: A nucleon is one of the particles that makes up the atomic nucleus. Each atomic nucleus consists of one or more nucleons, and each atom in turn consists of a cluster of nucleons surrounded by one or more electrons. There are two known kinds of nucleon: the neutron and the proton. The mass number of a given atomic isotope is identical to its number of nucleons. Thus the term nucleon number may be used in place of the more common terms mass number or atomic mass number. Per Wikipedia (25 Apr 2016). NUCLEOSPHERE: The outer gravitonstream of a nucleon, equating to the electrosphere of an electron, and the chemosphere of a nuclide. If the nucleon is a proton it is axially structured and the gravitons of the nucleosphere flow from the northpole to the southpole. If the nucleon is a neutron it is centrifugally structured and the gravitons flow from the equator to the poles. NUCLIDE A nucleon composite: a complex object consisting of a number of nucleons held together by their mutual gravity and held apart by the rejectivity of their nucleospheres. The nuclide type is defined by the number of nucleons it contains. The nucleons are of two types: protons and neutrons, with each nucleon consisting of three quarks. The nucleons are the nucleus of the nuclide which is surrounded by a chemosphere. The axiality measure of the chemosphere depends on the number and mix of protons and neutrons. A nuclide has isotope and isotone numbers of 1 or more. The least substantial nuclide is Deuterium (Hydrogen-2) consisting of one neutron and one proton. (Hydrogen-1 is a proton, an atom, and a chemical element - but not a nuclide.) More substantial nuclides increase the number of neutrons and protons although not necessarily equally. Nuclides increase their mass by joining together numbers of lesser nuclides which still maintain a degree of integrity. Low mass nuclides add together numbers of Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3 and Helium-3. The more massive nuclides increasingly contain numbers of heavier nuclides like Helium-4 and Carbon-12. Above Iron-56, the added nuclides become increasingly neutron-rich. It may be that in some very massive nuclides there is a core of neutrons. Because the internal structure of every type of nuclide is different, the gravitonstreams within each type of nuclide follow different patterns. Most obviously, this is apparent in the way each nuclide type emits photons of specific and different wavelengths. It is also apparent in the way that some types of nuclide are more strongly charged (more conductive/less resistive) than others. Back to top OOBJECT: Everything in the Universe that is a graviton or is made out of gravitons is an object. See also complex object. ONE PERCENT RULE: The rule of thumb: ninety nine percent of the matter in an object occupies one percent of the object's volume. ORBIT: The path followed by one object in responding to the gravitypull of a second object. An orbit may be circular or elliptical, depending on circumstances. In practice, both objects in a pair have measures of gravitypull so the orbits of both objects is dictated by their mutual gravitypull. In practice, most objects in the Universe are subject to significant gravitypull from a number of objects. OVERSTABLE: An object is overstable when its vergence velocity is lower than its escape velocity. Back to top PPATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE: The path of least resistance is always taken by objects moving through a system. PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE: The quantum mechanical principle that two or more identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system. PETTYBLACKHOLE: Low mass blackholes created during the stabilisation of electrons, nucleons, and nuclides. Such pettyblackholes are understable when created and stabilise once free of their creating object. Pettyblackholes can also result from the decay of more massive objects. As a general, but not exclusive, rule the mass of a pettyblackhole is less than the mass of a photon. Pettyblackholes can be a substantial element of the mass of darkmatter. PHOTON: A centrifugally structured blackhole which has stabilised within the photonic masses and at lightspeed. PHOTONIC MASSES: The range of masses of photons, from low mass photons with a wavelength of 100 Mm or more to the high mass photons with a wavelength of 1 pm or less. In the Current Paradigm, photons are massless and defined by their wavelength, frequency or energy. In the Malta Template, because the photonic masses are not yet determined, photons are defined by their wavelength. PION: Pions are stabilisation particles: particles emitted by other particles which are understable and attempting to become stable. Pions are understable and come in two forms: neutral pions and charged pions. Neutral pions consist of a pair of centrifugal quarks. Neutral pions usually decay into gamma photons. Charged pions consist of one axial quark and one centrifugal quark. Charged pions usually decay into muons and muon neutrinos. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). PLENUM: An enclosed space in which a gas or liquid is held at a pressure higher than is normal. A conventional plenum consists of an intake, a pressure chamber, and a venturi. In the Template, plenums are found in electrons and protons. In an electron plenum, the pressure in the chamber is induced by the strong force holding the quarks together, reinforced by the gravitonstream forcing its way into the intake. Electron plenums emit a high dynamic mass gravitonstream from the venturi that can include pettyblackholes and photons. that holds the quarks together. In a proton plenum, the pressure in the chamber is induced by the strong force that holds the rapidly co-orbiting axial quarks to the centrifugal quark, reinforced by the gravitonstream forcing its way into the intake. Proton plenums emit a high dynamic mass gravitonstream that can include pettyblackholes, photons, and electrons. Nuclides consist of numbers of protons and thus can have many plenums. The structure of the nuclide affects both the pressure in the chamber and the dimensions of the venturi which in turn affects the wavelength at which any emitted photons stabilise. Thus it is that the more complex the structure of a nuclide the more varied the wavelengths of the photons emitted. POLARITY: The “direction of flow” of a subject: evolutionary or devolutionary, backward or forward, aggressive or defensive, heating or cooling, and so on. POLE: If an object has an axis about which it spins, the two points where the axis intersects the surface of the object are its poles. Where necessary, for convenience and clarity, the poles are referred to as the northpole and the southpole. POTENTIALENERGY: (1) Energy of position. (2) The speed of the gravitons in a gravitonpair as it would be at the moment they collide, less any kineticenergy. POTENTIALSPEED: The movement rate of one object relative to another, as it would be at the moment of colliding with that object, less any realspeed. PROCESS: A series of preordained actions that produce an expected result. PROFILING: A reasoning technique, much used in medicine, psychology, crime investigation, and Management Study, among others, whereby universal facets of the known are assumed to be facets of the appropriate unknown. PROTOGALAXY: A protogalaxy is an accretion of stars and/or dust and/or gas held together by mutual gravitypull. A protogalaxy doesn't have a dominant blackhole but it does have the sufficiently high mass and the sufficiently low energy needed to evolve one. PROTOBLACKHOLE: A solidbonded accretion of gravitons that does not spin, has no gravitonocean and no gravitonosphere. Whether protoblackholes can actually exist, given that no object in the Universe has been empirically shown not to spin, is a subject for debate. If protoblackholes do (or did) their lives must be (or were) short. PROTOELECTRON: A blackholepair consisting of one axial blackhole and one centrifugal blackhole in which their vergence velocity is less than their escape velocity and in which their gravitoncores are kept apart by the rejectivity of their gravitonospheres. A protoelectron is either overstable or understable. When it becomes stable it is an electron. PROTON: A proton is a quark composite consisting of two axial quarks and one centrifugal quark. The structure of a proton is axial although the axiality is less than 100%. Within nuclides, protons solidbond to neutrons and other protons, held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their nucleospheres. If the dynamic mass of a proton's nucleosphere is low enough, the proton becomes stable. If it is high enough, protons become neutrons. See also Wikipedia (25 Apr 2016) Back to top QQUANT: The least substantial object in the Universe that can be assumed to exist in the light of the currently known, empirically established, facts. Quants are subsidiary parts of all more substantial objects in cascade. Thus, fundamental fermions consist of numbers of quants and more substantial objects consist of numbers of elementary fermions, and so on. QUANTUM: (plural: quanta) The minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. QUARK: Quarks are the understable blackholes which form the cores of electrons and nucleons. The understability of quarks is maintained by the stability of the electrons and nucleons they inhabit. Quarks can be axially or centrifugally structured. Electrons consist of one axial and one centrifugal quark. Neutrons consist of one axial quark and two centrifugal quarks. Protons consist of two axial quarks and one centrifugal quark. When quarks are released from their electrons or nucleons, their understability means they promptly dissipate or they stabilise as photons, neutrinos, or blackholes. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). QUASAR: A quasar is an active galactic nucleus of very high luminosity. A quasar consists of a supermassive black hole surrounded by an orbiting accretion disk of gas. As gas in the accretion disk falls toward the black hole, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Quasars emit energy across the electromagnetic spectrum and can be observed at radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray wavelengths. The most powerful quasars have luminosities exceeding 1041 W, thousands of times greater than the luminosity of a large galaxy such as the Milky Way. Per Wikipedia (30 Mar 2017). QUASIFACT: An assumption that has become the foundation for a sequence of multigenerational assumptions and is now treated as fact in all but name. All assumptions should be challenged regularly but when doing so risks bringing down a "house of cards" there is a reluctance to do so and anyone trying to do so tends to be marginalised. (This is the "emperor's new clothes" syndrome, after the well-known HC Anderson story.) Back to top RRADIONUCLIDE: Atoms that have excess nuclear energy, making them unstable. This excess energy can be either emitted from the nuclei as gamma radiation, or created and emitted as a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle), or transferred to one of its electrons causing that electron to be ejected as a conversion electron. During those processes, the radio nuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay. Per Wikipedia (13 Feb 2016). REDSHIFT: A photon's wavelength is redshifted when the photon's mass and energy measures decrease from one specified moment to a succeeding specified moment. REALSPEED: The movement rate of one object relative to another. (see also potentialspeed and totalspeed) REALSPEEDPEAK: At any given distance from the Ucentre gravitons have an average realspeed. This realspeed varies with distance from the Ucentre. The distance at which the realspeed is highest is the realspeedpeak. REJECTIVITY: A consequence of the law: one object cannot occupy a place in space and time already occupied by another object of the same type. Back to top SSELFPROOF: A mechanism within a Darwin Template which shows whether the assumptions and conclusions drawn are likely to be correct. This is achievable because a Darwin Template has an evolutionary structure in which a "start point" is identified that is as far back in time/down in size as can be justified by facts. From the start point, the template is allowed to evolve forward in time/upward in size, naturally and without forcing. If it evolves into that which has been empirically shown to be true, the template is likely to be correct. If it doesn't, the template is wrong and must be rethought. SEMIAXIAL BLACKHOLE: A blackhole in which the dynamic mass of the gravitonstream through which is moving is enough to move the gravitonospheric equator toward the gravitonospheric southpole but not enough to locate it at the gravitonospheric southpole. SINGULARITY: A location where the quantities used to measure the gravitational field of a celestial body become infinite in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system. SOLIDBOND: An object is solidbonded when all its adjacent gravitonpairs are overstable or stable. SPACE: Space is nothingness, having no properties independent of the properties of gravitons. SPEED: The linear motion of an object. See also spin. One unit of speed equals one unit of spin. SPIN: The rotation of an object about its axis. An intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei (see also "speed" - one unit of spin equals one unit of speed). SPINSPEED: The sum of the spin and the speed of an object. Per the Spinspeed Law one unit of spin equals one unit of speed and vice versa. SPINSPEED LAW: 1 unit of spin = 1 unit
of speed.
One unit of spin can be converted by collision into one unit of speed. By a further collision, it can be converted back into one unit of spin. Resulting from a collision, one unit of spin or speed can be transformed into any ratio of spin or speed but the sum of the spin and speed is always one unit. STABLE NUCLIDE: Nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. Per Wikipedia (13 Feb 2016). STABILISATION ELECTRON: An electron that forms during the stabilisation of nucleons. (See also cosmic electron) STABILISATION PARTICLE: A complex object formed during the stabilisation of a superior object. Some stabilisation particles, such as photons and electrons, are themselves stable and will endure till they are destroyed by external factors. Others, like the Z, W, and Higgs bosons, are understable and decay into other objects. STABILISATION PHOTON: A photon that forms during the stabilisation of other objects. (See also cosmic photon) STABLE: An object is stable when its vergence velocity is the same as its escape velocity. STARCLUSTER: A starcluster is an accretion of stars, together with any associated dust and gas that is held together by mutual gravitypull. A starcluster doesn't have a dominant blackhole. Nor does it have mass and energy measures sufficient to evolve one. STRING THEORY: A string theory is one which hypothesises that space-time has more than four dimensions. Some of the dimensions are very small and are of stringlike form. Elementary particles are not pointlike objects, as in the Current Paradigm, but are "standing waves" within the strings. The string theories are an attempt to unify the fundamental forces. The Malta Template has no need for string theories. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). STRONG FORCE: (also known as the "strong interaction") The force that binds two quarks together within an electron, three quarks together within a nucleon, multiple nucleons within nuclides. The strong force is a multiprocess in which the mutual gravitypull of the quarks is countered by the rejectivity of their gravitonospheres and/or their gravitonoceans. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). STRUCTURE: A complex system held for a measurable time. SWITCH: Any replicable alteration to the state of a mechanism by an external influence. Back to top TTAUON: Tauons are stabilisation particles emitted by other particles which are understable and attempting to become stable. Tauons are themselves understable. They consist of one axial quark and one centrifugal quark. Tauons decay into pions, electrons, neutrinos, and photons. See also Wikipedia (03 Jun 2017). TEMPLATE: A pattern, gauge, mould, or guide. A "master" used in replication or extrapolation. TEMPORA: A measure of the rate at which time passes for an object, a mechanism, or a process. There is one absolute tempora - the rate at which times passes for an isolated graviton. All other tempora are relative and are established by relating one tempora to another. TIME: Time passes. The passage of time can only be measured against events involving gravitons or objects made of gravitons. TOTALSPEED: The sum of the realspeed and potentialspeed of one object, relative to another object. Back to top UUBERUNIVERSE: The totality of matter, energy, space, and time. UCENTRE: The centre of the sphere of the Universe. For convenience, the Ucentre is assumed to be the Universe's centre of gravity. UNADJACENT: Two objects are unadjacent if their gravitysheaths do not abut due to the interposing of the gravitysheaths of other objects. UNDERSTABLE: An object is understable when its vergence velocity is higher than its escape velocity. UNIVERSE: The gravitationally bound part of the Uberuniverse that contains Planet Earth and began it's current expansion phase/evolutionary cycle at Moment Zero. USURFACE: The surface of the sphere of the Universe, the outer edge of the Universe's gravitonosphere. The Usurface of the Universe may (or may not) extend out to the Universe's gravitysheath interface (if it has one). Back to top VVECTOR: A composite of the speed and the direction of an object. Vector is often considered in combination with the dynamic mass of an object. VENTURI: A constrictive tube or channel. In the Malta Template, the venturi is the "exhaust" of the plenums that are found in electrons and protons. A plenum consists of an intake, a pressure chamber, and a venturi. Through the venturi, the plenum ejects a high dynamic mass gravitonstream which can include pettyblackholes and photons. Protons can also eject electrons. VERGENCE VELOCITY: The speed at which gravitationally bound pairs of objects diverge and converge. For consistency vergence velocity is measured as the minimum realspeed achieved in a convergence/divergence cycle, extrapolated to be as at the gravitysheath interface on a straight line between the centre of gravity of each of the objects. Thus vergence velocity may have a plus or minus value, allowing for direct comparison with escape velocity. In that both objects are moving, vergence velocity is always a joint measure. VORTEX: A circular, spiral, or helical motion in a fluid (such as a gas) or the fluid in such a motion. A vortex often forms around areas of low pressure and attracts the fluid (and the objects moving within it) toward its centre. (American Heritage Science Dictionary) |
HISTORY 07 Jul 2014 - added galaxy, protogalaxy, starcluster. 16 Jul 2014 - added gravitonstream, gravitonstreamshift. 18 Jul 2014 - added blueshift, colourshift, redshift. 24 Jul 2014 - added Darwin Template, current physics paradigm, Malta Cosmology Template, Physics Template. 26 Apr 2016 - Added items. 19 Apr 2017 - teels changed to gravitons. |